John Stuart Mill did not write a work titled *The Theory of Justice*—that is primarily associated with John Rawls’ seminal 1971 book, *A Theory of Justice*. However, Mill contributed significantly to theories of justice through his utilitarian and liberal philosophy, particularly in works like *Utilitarianism* (1861) and *On Liberty* (1859). Here’s how Mill’s ideas relate to justice:
Key Aspects of Mill’s Theory of Justice:
1. Utilitarian Foundation:
– Mill, following Jeremy Bentham, grounded justice in utility (the greatest happiness principle).
– He argued that justice is a subset of morality concerned with rights and duties that are essential to human well-being.
– Unlike Rawls’ deontological approach, Mill saw justice as socially useful rules that maximize overall happiness.
2. Justice as Moral Rights:
– In *Utilitarianism* (Chapter 5), Mill defines justice as respecting individual rights (e.g., liberty, security, fairness).
– These rights protect fundamental interests necessary for a flourishing society.
– Injustice occurs when these rights are violated (e.g., theft, oppression, unequal treatment).
3. Liberty and Harm Principle:
– In *On Liberty*, Mill argues that individuals should be free to act unless they harm others.
– Justice requires protecting personal liberty while preventing harm to society.
4. Equality and Fairness:
– Mill advocated for equal treatment under the law and opposed arbitrary discrimination (e.g., in *The Subjection of Women*).
– However, his utilitarianism could justify inequalities if they benefited society overall (unlike Rawls’ egalitarianism).
5. Distributive Justice:
– Mill supported reforms like workers’ cooperatives and wealth redistribution to reduce inequality but rejected strict egalitarianism if it reduced productivity/happiness.
Contrast with Rawls:
– Rawls’ *Theory of Justice* prioritizes fairness (“justice as fairness”) via the original position and the difference principle, ensuring inequalities benefit the least advantaged.
– Mill’s approach is more flexible—justice serves utility, not abstract fairness.
Legacy:
Mill’s ideas influenced liberal democracy, human rights, and debates on balancing individual freedom with social welfare. While not a systematic theory like Rawls’, his work remains foundational in political philosophy.
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