Gold mining in Zimbabwe is governed by a combination of national laws, regulations, and policies aimed at promoting responsible mining, environmental protection, and revenue generation. Below are the key rules and regulations governing gold mining in Zimbabwe:
1. Legal Framework
– Mines and Minerals Act (Chapter 21:05) – The primary legislation governing mining activities in Zimbabwe, including gold mining.
– Gold Trade Act (Chapter 21:03) – Regulates the buying, selling, and export of gold.
– Environmental Management Act (Chapter 20:27) – Ensures sustainable mining practices and environmental protection.
– Precious Stones Trade Act – Regulates the trade of precious minerals, including gold.
– Zimbabwe Investment and Development Agency (ZIDA) Act – Facilitates investment in mining.
2. Licensing and Ownership
– Prospecting License – Required for exploration; valid for up to two years (renewable).
– Mining Claims – Small-scale miners can register claims through the Ministry of Mines.
– Special Grants & Large-Scale Mining Leases – Required for large-scale operations; granted by the Ministry of Mines.
– Foreign Ownership Restrictions – Under the Indigenization Policy, foreign investors may need local partnerships (though some exemptions exist).
3. Gold Marketing & Selling Regulations
– Fidelity Printers & Refiners (FPR) – The sole authorized buyer of gold in Zimbabwe (a subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe – RBZ).
– All gold producers must sell their gold to FPR unless granted an exemption.
– Small-scale miners can sell through licensed buying agents.
– Export Restrictions – Unauthorized export of raw gold is illegal.
4. Taxation & Royalties
– Royalty Fees
– 5% for primary producers
– 1% for small-scale miners
– Paid in cash or kind (gold)
– Corporate Tax – Standard rate applies (varies based on company size).
– Capital Gains Tax – Applicable on asset sales.
5. Environmental & Safety Regulations
– Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) – Mandatory for all large-scale mining operations.
– Waste Management & Rehabilitation Plans – Miners must comply with EMA guidelines.
– Occupational Health & Safety Standards – Enforced by the Ministry of Mines.
6. Small-Scale & Artisanal Mining Regulations
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